The subject we discussion about are NUCLEATION and Meta stable phenomena’s , superheat liquids, supercold liquids and meanwhile applications of this liquids. all in all Meta stable situation can occur in three condition: First while changing liquid phase to gas phase by heating, Second changing liquid phase to solid phase by cooling, Third while moving water stream in subsonic nozzles or supersonic nozzles before condensation process occur. Of curse first and second conditions more than third condition view in nature and various industrials and productions of engender in first and second conditions are more than third condition. Of curse skews and turbulences that explain about them can disassemble this conditions. Meanwhile getting relations show that superheat degree have maximum and minimum amount.

Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of ice and ultimately the amount of precipitation, especially in the middle latitudes. Therefore, understanding the role of each component of dust and their contribution in ice NUCLEATION activity in clouds is of particular importance. Therefore, the objectives of the present research were 1. to compare the ice NUCLEATION activity of sand-sized particles with silt-clay and 2. to determine the role of carbonates in soils in the cloud formation TEMPERATURE (Thet) and in the percentage of heterogeneous NUCLEATION (Fhet). For this purpose, sixteen soil and dust samples were collected from highly sensitive playa surfaces which are exposed to wind erosion as a consequence of Lake Urmia (LU) recession. The sand particles were separated from the silt-clay section by a 50 μm sieve. Then, carbonates and soluble solutes were removed in each sample and each particle size, and the NUCLEATION activity of the samples was determined by immersion freezing method. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) was used to determine both the type of carbonates in natural samples and to confirm the removal of the corresponding bands in carbonate-removed samples. The results showed that in most samples, silt-clay particles have stronger NUCLEATION activity than sand particles. This could be due to their smaller size with higher specific surface area which lead to the presence of more active sites in ice NUCLEATION. The comparison of carbonate removal samples with soluble solute removal samples showed that although solute washing from the samples alone increases the ice NUCLEATION activity, this change is more significant in the carbonate removal samples. Thet and Fhet parameters increased in carbonate removal samples, except for the sample with low carbonate and salt content. The average increase of Thet and Fhet in the sand component was 0.7 Kelvin and 9%, and in the silt-clay component was 1 Kelvin and 15%, respectively. The highest increase in Thet after carbonate removal in both particle sizes was observed in D4 and S5 samples with carbonate content of 0.43% and aragonite as dominant mineral in D4 and 0.41% and the dominant mineral of calcite in S5. The increase in Thet in comparison to the natural samples was 3.2 Kelvin in D4 and 3.3 Kelvin in S5. However, the highest increase in Fhet was related to samples D1 to D4, which were rich in aragonite mineral. Therefore, it seems that the abundance of aragonite mineral in the studied samples is one of the important factors in reducing the ice NUCLEATION activity of dust samples originated from the LU playa surfaces.

Some bacteria commonly found on plants can catalyze the freezing of water at a higher TEMPERATURE than others, at or near 0 °C. The freezing point of pure water is about -40 °C and is initiated by creating ice NUCLEATIONs. However, when ice NUCLEATION proteins (INPs) are present, ice NUCLEATIONs form at TEMPERATUREs close to or above 0 °C. INPs are often attached to the outer membrane by a phosphatidylinositol anchor and are sometimes secreted extracellularly. The monomers of INPs in Pseudomonas syringae are 120 to 180 kDa. INP has three domains, and the central domain is highly repetitive. The central domain consists of the consensus sequence of eight amino acid repeats. Eight amino acid repeats create a 16-residue fragment, and three 16-residue fragments form the 48-residue fragment. Studies have shown that INPs may have a β-helical fold and interact with water through the repetitive motif. Most ice NUCLEATION bacteria are gram-negative, including P. syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas compestris, Erwinia ananas, and Erwinia herbicola. For optimum protein activity, the presence of the complete bacterial cell is essential. INPs are influential in different aspects, including snowmaking, agriculture, freeze-concentration in the food industry, signal transduction, atmospheric applications as cloud condensation nuclei, and surface display (expression of a foreign protein on the cell surface for biotechnological purposes). This study provides a brief overview of ice NUCLEATION proteins and their applications since ice NUCLEATION is an important phenomenon that affects various aspects, from climate to biological systems.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial TEMPERATURE conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal TEMPERATURE of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three TEMPERATURE conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial TEMPERATURE in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial TEMPERATURE. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial TEMPERATURE.

Based on driving force for crystallization of one-component gas hydrate, in this report an expression for the supersaturation for crystallization of multicomponent gas hydrate is derived. Expressions for the supersaturation are obtained in isothermal and isobaric regimes. The results obtained are applied to the crystallization of hydrates of mixtures of methane plus ethane and can apply to other mixtures.

Since the inhibition of gas hydrates is very important in gas transfer, in this study the effect of TEMPERATURE and material of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as an inhibitor on the formation of tetrahydrofuran hydrates has been investigated. First, tetrahydrofuran hydrates were investigated in 2. 5, 3, 3. 5, and 4 degrees Celsius and 15, 20, 25, 30% by weight of tetrahydrofuran at atmospheric pressure, while the induction time and pure hydrate equilibrium were determined. Then experiments were carried out in the presence of 0. 5, 1, 1. 5, and 2 wt. % of cetyl Teri methyl ammonium bromide as a hydrate inhibitor, and the effects of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide on the induction time as well as the kinetics of hydrate formation were studied. The results show that at a constant TEMPERATURE over time, the addition of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide increased to the induction time hydrate. more ever, in some concentrations of inhibitory substances, the inhibitory role has been lost and the induction time has decreased. By detecting the kinetic diagram of the hydrate formation, additionally, it was found that the heat released during the formation of the hydrate was reduced by the addition of the inhibitor and the NUCLEATION time also increased.